What nondestructive technique is used to identify and quantify trace elements in a test sample?

Neutron activation analysis is a powerful nondestructive technique that is used for the identification and quantification of trace elements in a variety of materials. This method involves irradiating a test sample with neutrons, which causes the elements within the sample to form radioactive isotopes. After a suitable decay time, the sample is then analyzed using gamma spectroscopy. The unique gamma-ray emission spectra produced by the different isotopes allows scientists to detect and quantify the specific trace elements present in the sample, making it particularly useful in forensic investigations where preserving the integrity of evidence is crucial.

This technique is ideal for forensic applications since it provides detailed elemental information without altering or destroying the original sample, which is essential when dealing with evidence that may be needed in legal contexts. Other methods listed, such as X-ray fluorescence, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, while useful in their own right, may not offer the same combination of specificity and nondestructiveness that neutron activation analysis provides in many forensic scenarios.